Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, produced for the Department of Energy under the Energy Act of 2020, estimates that U.S. data centers consumed 176 TWh in 2023, about 4.4% of national electricity use, after rapid growth in GPU-accelerated AI servers more than doubled demand between 2017 and 2023. It projects 2028 consumption between roughly 325 and 580 TWh, or 6.7% to 12.0% of U.S. electricity, and calls for greater transparency, ongoing data collection, and research into efficiency strategies and grid impacts.